CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
The value of every person’s life is intrinsic because we are all created in God’s image18 and in His love for us, as demonstrated through the life and substitutionary atonement of His son Jesus Christ19. As the author and preserver of life20, God alone has the authority to determine its length21and the reasons for its lawful termination, as revealed through His supernatural revelation, the Bible. Historically the church, representing the scripture’s teaching concerning the sanctity of life and the designated role of the government in the protection of it, has affirmed both the right and responsibility of that civil authority to utilize capital punishment as a means of justified retribution when lethal force has been used to take an innocent life.
The imposition of the death penalty upholds the unique value of human life, created in the image of God, while also recognizing the guilt of every perpetrator, who, even though he is a fallen human being, is still endowed with both dignity and moral agency. Since debates concerning this volatile issue often devolve into emotional rather than ethical discussions, we need God’s enlightened perspective, which perfectly balances His justice and mercy. Only by embracing both can we experience His compassion and His grieving22 for both the offender and the offended and those who love them.
Because this is a topic that scripture speaks to directly, and because it is a topic that many Christians have not given much Biblical thought to, we are giving expanded explanation below.
Scriptural Principles
Capital punishment is ordained by God for all mankind when a life is maliciously taken. Whoever sheds man’s blood, by man his blood shall be shed, for in the image of God He made the man.23This command is based on the dignity of man since he is created in the image of God. Deliberately murdering a human is tantamount to killing God in effigy. This command is universal in scope since it is directed to man as mankind before the Mosaic Law.
Capital punishment is also commanded in the Mosaic Law for the nation of Israel. If a man acts presumptuously toward his neighbor, so as to kill him craftily, you are to take him from My altar that he may die.24 At the same time, God’s retributive justice against evil does not eliminate the possibility of mercy, even in cases where a murder has occurred. Cain, Moses, and David were all murderers, yet their lives were spared by God.
Capital punishment is assumed to be a legitimate remedy for crimes by the secular government in New Testament times. For rulers are not a terror unto good conduct, but unto bad conduct. Would you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive his approval, for he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer.25
The scriptures teach that human governments are ordained by God and that the civil magistrate is a minister of God. Paul uses the emblem of the Roman sword to reinforce the concept of capital punishment. The New Testament reminds us that it is the role of government to exact justice for murder, not any individuals within society. There is no place for personal revenge within the administration of justice.26 In addition, those who sit in judgment of murderers should consider mitigating factors that might warrant a sentence other than capital punishment.
Common Objections to Capital Punishment
Objection: We are no longer subject to Old Testament law, which required capital punishment for many crimes.
Response: While absolutely true, it ignores the fact that God mandated the death penalty for murder for every society before the law was established for Israel. The command that is given in Gen 9:6 is said to be for “all future generations”.27
Objection: Even if the death penalty is warranted, it is cruel and unusual punishment.
Response: In reality, the death penalty has been applied in American law for 350 years (and in advanced civilizations for millennia) until the Supreme Court ruled differently in 1972. In 1976 that ruling was reversed. While capital punishment has never been “unusual” throughout history, it can be cruel, and we stand against the unnecessary infliction of pain.
Objection: In the Sermon on the Mount Jesus calls for an end to the lex talionis, the law of retaliation.28
Response: Jesus did put a radical limitation on the individual right to justice. But Jesus’ command only applies to individual vengeance. Jesus’ “love ethic” never sets aside all requirements of civil law. Note that in quoting the Old Testament scripture, He leaves the role of the civil magistrate. “If there is an injury, then you must give life for life.”29
Resolutions Concerning Its Implementation
The Bible also provides directives for Christians as they work to assure the fair administration of justice in a secular culture.
Capital punishment should only be administered when the pursuit of truth and justice result in clear and overwhelming evidence of guilt.30
Because of our deep reverence for human life, profound respect for the rights of individuals, and respect for the law, as a church, we will call for vigilance, justice, and equity in the criminal justice system.
Capital punishment should be applied as justly and as fairly as possible without undue delay, with the use of humane means, and without reference to the race, class, or status of the guilty party, recognizing that the death penalty can be unequally administered in our culture.31
As a church, we commit to love, pray for, and share the gospel with victims and perpetrators of crimes, realizing that it is only in Christ that there is forgiveness of sins, reconciliation, emotional and spiritual healing, and the gift of eternal life.
God has established capital punishment in our fallen world to help balance the scales of moral justice and has given that authority to the civil government, not the individual. While it is warranted in specific cases, it should be implemented only in cases where the evidence is certain, in accordance with the biblical requirements, applied equitably without racial or socioeconomic bias, and where no other punishment can satisfy the demands of justice. Our support of this form of punishment must always be based on respect for the sacredness of human life and its protection, the preservation of order in our society, and the attainment of justice through law. Our support of this form of punishment must always be based on respect for the sacredness of human life and its protection, the preservation of order in our society, and the attainment of justice through law.
18Genesis 1:27; 19 John 3:16; 20Acts 17:28; 21 Job 14:5; 22Genesis 6:6; 23Genesis 9:6; 24 Exodus 21:14, 20-23; 25 Romans 13:3-4; 26Romans 12:19; 27Genesis 9:12; 28Matthew 5:38-39; 29Exodus 21:23-24; 30 Numbers 35:30; 31Deuteronomy 1:17; Leviticus 19:15